Prevalência de síndrome metabólica em pacientes pós-transplante renal / Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in post-kidney transplantation patients

O desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica após o transplante renal (TxR) é evidenciado na literatura e se caracteriza por alterações que conferem a redução da função do enxerto. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever a prevalência da síndrome metabólica e identificar variáveis que se associam à síndrome metabólica em receptores de TxR tardio. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal analítico realizado com pacientes receptores de TxR. Foram incluídos participantes com idade superior ou igual a 18 anos, receptores de TxR tardio em acompanhamento superior a 6 meses. A análise descritiva dos dados foi expressa por médias, desvio padrão, medianas e percentuais. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk ao nível de 5% de significância. Aplicou-se o teste de comparação de médias para duas amostras independentes, teste t de Student. Foi utilizado o teste de correlação de Pearson para avaliar as possíveis relações existentes entre a variável tempo pós TxR com as outras variáveis de interesse. Resultados: Ao avaliar 43 pacientes com idade média de 50,9 ± 9,8 anos, notou-se que a síndrome metabólica esteve presente em 53,85% dos voluntários e que se associou ao peso prévio (p= 0,018), concentrações séricas de triglicerídeos (p= 0,001), menores médias de HDL (p= 0,053) e, também, foi verificada uma associação marginal com a circunferência da cintura (p= 0,051). A SM foi prevalente no período pós TxR. Ainda, as maiores médias de peso prévio ao TxR, de circunferência da cintura, de triglicerídeos e as menores médias de HDL se associaram à SM

The onset of metabolic syndrome (MS) after kidney transplantation (KTx) is evidenced in the literature and this is characterized by alterations that confer a reduction in the function of the transplantation. Objective: The aim of this research is to describe the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and to identify the variables that are associated with the metabolic syndrome in recipients of belated KTx. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study carried out with patients receiving KTx. Participants aged 18 years or older, recipients of late KTx with follow-up longer than 6 months, were included. The descriptive analysis of the data was expressed as means, standard deviation, medians and percentages. Data normality was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test at a 5% significance level. The mean comparison test was applied for two independent samples, Student's t test. Pearson's correlation test was used to assess possible association between the variable time after KTx and the other variables of interest. Results: Forty-three patients with a mean age of 50.9 ± 9.8 years were evaluated and metabolic syndrome was present in 53.85% of the volunteers. There was an association with previous weight (p= 0.018), serum triglyceride concentrations (p= 0.001) and lower HDL means (p= 0.053) and and a marginal association with waist circumference (p=0,0051). MS was prevalent in the post-KTx period. Furthermore, the highest means of weight prior to KTx, waist circumference, TG and the lowest means of HDL were associated with MS

Función de la senescencia endotelial en la fisiopatología del síndrome metabólico y el envejecimiento / Role of endothelial senescence in the physiotherapy of metabolic syndrome and ageing

Estimado director: Hemos leído con interés el artículo Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en la población dos consultorios del Policlínico Primero de Enero, de los autores Rivero Sabournin y otros.1 Dicho trabajo demuestra el potencial investigativo en la Atención Primaria de Salud, así como la pertinencia de este escenario en los estudios epidemiológicos. Para el desarrollo de la investigación sus autores se basan en los criterios de síndrome metabólico (SM) del National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III),1 aunque resulta imprescindible evaluar los criterios de la Clasificación Consensuada o Armonizada de Alberti y otros del año 2009,2 los cuales constituyen la guía más importante para la evaluación por parte del médico de cabecera de los pacientes que pudieran padecer de SM. Otro elemento importante en esta investigación es que se resalta la relación SM y envejecimiento, aunque no se argumenta cuáles pudieran ser los nexos entre ellos. Actualmente se considera que sea el endotelio (END) y la disfunción endotelial (DISF) la vía común de cada una de estas alteraciones como lo han propuesto varios autores: niveles elevados de ácidos grasos,3 envejecimiento,4 oxidación de LDL,5 hiperglucemia,6 niveles séricos de adipoquinas7,8 y las especies reactivas del oxígeno.9 Para un abordaje de esta relación SM-E-END sería necesario analizar que la base fisiopatológica del SM es la insulinorresistencia (IR) y que, precisamente, el endotelio tiene una función importante, donde la insulina (INS) logra desempeñar su función.8 En el endotelio se produce el factor de crecimiento similar a la INS (IGF, según sus siglas en inglés)9 y es donde se encuentran proteínas de membrana que sirven de transportadores a la INS. Una vez que se instaura el daño endotelial o la disfunción endotelial (DE), la pérdida...(AU)

Variáveis clínicas consideradas fatores de risco para a síndrome metabólica: um estudo transversal / Variables clínicas consideradas factores de riesgo para síndrome metabólico: un estudio transversal / Clinical variables considered risk factors for the metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar os principais fatores de risco para a síndrome metabólica e sua relação com a percepção da qualidade de vida em colônias pesqueiras brasileiras. Métodos Incluímos 77 participantes com idade > 18 anos. Síndrome metabólica e qualidade de vida foram os principais desfechos do estudo. Consideramos nível de significância < 0,05 e todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo comitê de ética. Resultados A maioria dos participantes é do sexo masculino, solteiros, classe econômica D-E, carga horária trabalhada de 6 a 8 horas, tempo de serviço de 1 a 5 anos e dedicados exclusivamente à pesca. Conclusão: Perímetro abdominal e pressão arterial foram os critérios mais frequentes e de maior contribuição para a síndrome metabólica. Apesar de a qualidade de vida apresentar maior escore para o domínio relações sociais, neste estudo, o domínio físico foi o único associado a outra observação, na qual observamos correlação significativa com a pressão arterial sistólica.

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar los principales factores de riesgo del síndrome metabólico y su relación con la percepción de la calidad de vida en las colonias pesqueras brasileñas. Métodos se incluyeron 77 participantes mayores de 18 años. El síndrome metabólico y la calidad de vida fueron los principales resultados del estudio. Se consideró un nivel de significancia <0.05 y todos los procedimientos fueron aprobados por el comité de ética. Resultados La mayoría de los participantes son hombres, solteros, clase económica D-E, jornada laboral de 6 a 8 horas, antigüedad de 1 a 5 años y dedicados exclusivamente a la pesca. Conclusión La circunferencia de la cintura y la presión arterial fueron los criterios más frecuentes y la mayor contribución al síndrome metabólico. Aunque la calidad de vida tuvo una puntuación más alta para el dominio de relaciones sociales, en este estudio, el dominio físico fue el único asociado con otra observación, en la que observamos una correlación significativa con la presión arterial sistólica.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify the main risk factors for metabolic syndrome and its relationship with the perception of quality of life in Brazilian fishing colonies. Methods We included 77 participants aged > 18 years. Metabolic syndrome and quality of life were the main study outcomes. We considered a significance level < 0.05 and all procedures were approved by the ethics committee. Results Most participants are male, single, economic class D-E, working hours of 6 to 8 hours, length of service from 1 to 5 years, and dedicated exclusively to fishing. Conclusion Abdominal perimeter and blood pressures were the most frequent criteria and the greatest contribution to metabolic syndrome. Although quality of life had a higher score for the social relationship domain, in this study, the physical domain was the only one associated with another observation, in which we observed a significant correlation with systolic blood pressure.

Prevalência de síndrome metabólica e rigidez arterial em uma amostra populacional de Salvador, Bahia / Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and arterial stiffness in a population sample from Salvador, Bahia

As Doenças Cardiovasculares (DCV) são alterações nos vasos sanguíneos decorrentes, principalmente, da aterosclerose, e representam 28% dos óbitos anuais no Brasil. Em 2013, a prevalência de DCV era de 4,2% na população adulta e 11,4% nos idosos. A Síndrome Metabólica (SM), cuja prevalência é estimada entre 25 e 30%, é um dos principais fatores de risco para a instalação das DCV, assim como a Rigidez Arterial (RA), determinada pela Velocidade de Onda de Pulso (VOP) alterada. O Sistema Sphygmocor é utilizado para mensuração da VOP através da razão entre enrijecimento arterial, elasticidade e complacência vascular, considerando valores normais aqueles abaixo de 10m/s. A VOP foi o método de escolha, junto a medidas antropométricas e exames laboratoriais, para avaliar a prevalência de SM e RA numa amostra populacional de Salvador, Bahia. O teste T de Student foi utilizado para comparar as variáveis e o teste Qui Quadrado, para comparar as proporções das variáveis qualitativas. O cálculo das prevalências foi realizado com o número de indivíduos com RA ou SM no numerador e o número total da amostra no denominador, com resultado multiplicado por 102 . O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa através do parecer número 1.827.621 de 21 de novembro de 2016. A amostra de 162 participantes demonstrou prevalência de 25,93% de Síndrome Metabólica e 26,57% de Rigidez Arterial, expondo a importância de maior atenção à prevenção das DCV na atenção primária à Saúde.

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are modifications in blood vessels resulting mainly from atherosclerosis and represent 28% of annual deaths in Brazil. In 2013, the prevalence of CVD was 4.2% in the adult population and 11.4% in the elderly. Metabolic Syndrome (MS), whose prevalence is estimated between 25 and 30%, is one of the main risk factors for the settlement of CVD, as well as Arterial Stiffness (AS), determined by altered Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV). The Sphygmocor System is used to measure PWV through the ratio between arterial stiffening, elasticity, and vascular complacency, considering normal valor those below 10m/s. PWV was the method of choice, with anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests, to evaluate the prevalence of MS and AS in a population sample from Salvador, Bahia. The Student's T test was used to compare the variables and the Chi Square test to compare the proportions of the qualitative variables. The calculation of prevalence was made with the number of individuals with AS or MS in the numerator and the total number of sample in the denominator, with the result multiplied by 102. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee through opinion number 1,827,621 of November 21, 2016. The sample of 162 participants showed a prevalence of 25.93% of Metabolic Syndrome and 26.57% of Arterial Stiffness, exposing the importance of greater attention to the prevention of CVD in primary health care.

Risco cardiovascular aumentado e o papel da síndrome metabólica em idosos hipertensos / Aumento del riesgo cardiovascular y el papel del síndrome metabólico en personas hipertensas de la tercera edad / Increased cardiovascular risk and role of metabolic syndrome in hypertensive elderly

RESUMO Objetivo avaliar a síndrome metabólica e o risco cardiovascular de idosos hipertensos atendidos na atenção primária. Métodos estudo transversal realizado com 154 idosos hipertensos de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde do Distrito Federal. Um instrumento estruturado investigou o perfil dos idosos. Para a classificação da síndrome metabólica, consideraram-se os critérios propostos pela National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III. Para análise do risco cardiovascular, utilizou-se o escore de risco de Framingham. Foi realizada análise estatística e inferencial com a utilização da ANOVA, teste qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher, além da odds ratio e seu intervalo de confiança de 95% para estimar o risco cardiovascular entre os grupos. Resultados 64,9% dos idosos hipertensos eram obesos. Síndrome metabólica foi evidenciada em 70,8%. Observou-se que 27,2% apresentaram baixo, 46,8% moderado e 26,0% elevado risco cardiovascular, sendo que o sexo feminino e a idade avançada influenciaram negativamente o risco. Idosos com síndrome metabólica apresentaram 7,19 vezes mais chances de terem elevado risco cardiovascular. Considerações finais e implicações para a prática os idosos hipertensos apresentaram uma elevada prevalência de síndrome metabólica que aumentou significativamente o risco cardiovascular. Este resultado possibilita um melhor planejamento da assistência de enfermagem pelo enfermeiro da atenção primária à saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo evaluar el síndrome metabólico y el riesgo cardiovascular de pacientes hipertensos de la tercera edad tratados en la atención primaria. Métodos estudio transversal realizado con 154 personas de la tercera edad hipertensas de una Unidad Básica de Salud del Distrito Federal. Se investigó el perfil de estas personas a través de un instrumento estructurado. Para clasificar el síndrome metabólico se utilizaron los criterios propuestos por el National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III. Para analizar el riesgo cardiovascular, se utilizó el escore de riesgo de Framingham. El análisis estadístico e inferencial se realizó mediante ANOVA, chi-cuadrado y la prueba exacta de Fisher, además de la odds ratio y su intervalo de confianza del 95% para estimar el riesgo cardiovascular entre los grupos. Resultados el 64,9% de las personas hipertensas de la tercera edad eran obesas. El síndrome metabólico se observó en el 70,8% de los casos. Se pudo observar que el 27,2% eran de riesgo cardiovascular bajo, 46,8% moderado y 26,0% alto, siendo que el sexo femenino y la edad avanzada influencian el aumento del riesgo. Las personas mayores de edad poseen 7,19 veces más probabilidades de tener un alto riesgo cardiovascular. Consideraciones finales e implicaciones para la práctica los pacientes hipertensos de edad avanzada tenían una prevalencia elevada de síndrome metabólico que aumentaba, considerablemente, el riesgo cardiovascular. Este resultado permite una mejor planificación de la atención de enfermería por parte de las enfermeras en la atención primaria de la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk for hypertensive elderly patients treated in primary care. Methods A cross-sectional study carried out with 154 hypertensive elderly from a Basic Health Unit in the Federal District. A structured instrument investigated the profile of the elderly. For classifying the metabolic syndrome, the criteria proposed by the National Cholesterol Education Program - Treatment Panel for Adults III were considered. For cardiovascular risk analysis, the Framingham risk score was used. Statistical and inferential analysis was performed using ANOVA, chi-square test and Fisher's exact test, in addition to Odds Ratio and its 95% confidence interval to estimate cardiovascular risk among the groups. Results 64.9% of the hypertensive elderly were obese. Metabolic syndrome was evidenced in 70.8%. It was noted that 27.2% had low, 46.8% moderate, and 26.0% high cardiovascular risk, and that being a woman and of advanced aged negatively influenced the risk. Older adults with metabolic syndrome showed 7.19 times more likelihood to have high cardiovascular risk. Final considerations and implications for the practice The hypertensive elderly patients had high metabolic syndrome prevalence, which significantly increased cardiovascular risk. This result allows for a better planning of nursing care by the nurses in primary health care.

Prevalence of hot flashes in women of 40 to 65 years of age with metabolic syndrome

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Hot flashes have a negative impact on the quality of life of women during the menopausal transition and thereafter. The progressive reduction in gonadal estrogen levels associated with aging promotes an accumulation of abdominal fat, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension, all of which are components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The objective of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of hot flashes and evaluate their relationship with MetS in women ≥ 40 years of age. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving women aged between 40 and 65 years. We used the Kupperman index to quantify the climacteric symptoms and the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for the diagnosis of MetS. RESULTS: 1,435 women were initially selected, and we obtained information from 647. The mean age at menopause was 45.99 years (SD 6.61 years) and the prevalence of hot flashes and MetS were 55.83% (95% CI: 52.35-59.25%) and 46.29% (95% CI: 44.75-52.53%), respectively. We identified a positive association between MetS and hot flashes (OR 1.16; 95% CI: 1.01-1.33). CONCLUSIONS: In women ≥ 40 years of age, hot flashes are highly prevalent and appear to be associated with MetS.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: As ondas de calor têm um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida das mulheres no climatério. A redução progressiva dos níveis de estrogênio gonadal associada ao envelhecimento promovem o acúmulo de gordura abdominal, dislipidemia e hipertensão arterial, componentes da síndrome metabólica (SM). O objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar a prevalência de ondas de calor e avaliar sua relação com SM em mulheres com idade ≥40 anos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal envolvendo mulheres entre 40 e 65 anos de idade. Utilizamos o índice de Kupperman para quantificar os sintomas climatéricos e os critérios do National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III para o diagnóstico de SM. RESULTADOS: Mil, quatrocentas e trinta e cinco mulheres foram selecionadas inicialmente e obtivemos informações de 647. A idade média da menopausa foi de 45,99 anos (DP 6,61 anos) e a prevalência de ondas de calor e SM foi de 55,83% (95% CI: 52,35-59,25%) e 46,29% (95% CI: 44,75-52,53%), respectivamente. Identificamos uma associação positiva entre SM e ondas de calor (OR 1,16; IC95%: 1,01-1,33). CONCLUSÕES: Em mulheres com idade ≥40 anos, as ondas de calor são altamente prevalentes e parecem estar associadas a SM.

Prevalência da Síndrome Metabólica e seus componentes na população adulta brasileira / Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and its components in the Brazilian adult population

Resumo Estimou-se a prevalência de Síndrome Metabólica (SM) e seus componentes na população brasileira de acordo com fatores sociodemográficos. Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com dados laboratoriais da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Estimou-se prevalência da SM e seus componentes com intervalos de 95% de confiança e Razão de Prevalência (RP) não ajustada e ajustada utilizando regressão de Poisson. A prevalência de SM foi de 38,4%. A circunferência da cintura (CC) alta (65,5%) e colesterol HDL baixo (49,4%) foram os componentes mais prevalentes, inclusive nos jovens. A ocorrência de SM foi maior entre mulheres (41,8%), indivíduos com baixa escolaridade (47,5%) e idosos (66,1%). Na análise ajustada, sexo feminino (RP = 1,16; IC95% 1,08-1,24), idade avançada (RP = 3,69; IC95% 3,26-4,17) e baixa escolaridade (RP = 1,32; IC95% 1,17-1,49) associaram-se à ocorrência de SM. A SM foi muito prevalente na população brasileira, principalmente entre mulheres, indivíduos com baixa escolaridade e idosos. A CC alta e o colesterol HDL baixo foram os componentes mais frequentes, com o agravante de prevalências altas em adultos jovens. Esses achados revelam a necessidade de considerar dados laboratoriais para uma análise mais precisa dessa condição, o que em âmbito nacional pode ser um desafio.

Abstract We estimated the prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and its components in the Brazilian population according to sociodemographic factors. This is a cross-sectional population-based study that used laboratory data from the National Health Survey. We estimated the prevalence of MetS and its components with 95% confidence intervals and the unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) with the Poisson regression. MetS prevalence ratio was 38.4%. High waist circumference (WC) (65.5%) and low HDL cholesterol (49.4%) were the most prevalent components, including in the youngest people. MetS and its components were more frequent among women (41.8%), individuals with low schooling (47.5%), and older adults (66.1%). In the adjusted analysis, females (PR = 1.16; 95% CI 1.08-1.24), older adults (PR = 3.69; 95% CI 3.26-4.17), and low schooling (PR = 1.32; 95% CI 1.17-1.49) were associated with MetS. MetS was prevalent in the Brazilian population, especially among women, individuals with low schooling, and older adults. High WC and low HDL cholesterol were the most prevalent components, with the aggravating high prevalence factor in young adults. These findings reveal the need to consider laboratory data for a more accurate analysis of this condition, which can be challenging at the national level.

Higher incidence of metabolic syndrome components in vitiligo patients: a prospective cross-sectional study

Abstract Background/Objectives: To investigate the association between vitiligo and metabolic syndrome. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted between 2014 and 2016. Study (n = 155) and control groups (n = 155) were evaluated for metabolic syndrome according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Study group was divided into three groups according to their vitiligo area severity index and vitiligo disease activity score values (Group 1: 6.89 for VASI score, Group A: −1-0, Group B: 1-2 and Group C: 3-4 for vitiligo disease activity score respectively). MetS rates according to both criteria were compared between the vitiligo disease activity score and vitiligo area severity index groups. Results: Metabolic syndrome rates were 37.4% and 40% in the study group and 19.4% and 26.5% in the control group according to National CholesterolEducation Program Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation criteria, respectively (p < 001 and p = 0.011). Metabolic syndrome was more frequent in vitiligo area severity index Groups 2 and 3 compared to vitiligo area severity index Group 1, and in vitiligo disease activity score Group C compared to vitiligo disease activity score Groups A and B. Study limitations: Single center experience, absence of more specific oxidative-stress markers and lack of long-term follow-up of the patients. Conclusions: Frequency of metabolic syndrome was higher in patients with non-segmental vitiligo and the rate was higher in active/severe form of the disease.

Síndrome metabólica: inatividade física e desigualdades socioeconômicas entre idosos brasileiros não institucionalizados / Metabolic syndrome: physical inactivity and socioeconomic inequalities among non-institutionalized Brazilian elderly

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a associação da síndrome metabólica (SM) com a atividade física e as condições socioeconômicas entre idosos não institucionalizados. Metodologia: Estudo transversal com idosos (≥ 60) não institucionalizados e residentes na cidade de São Paulo (SP). A SM foi classificada com base nos critérios da National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Realizou-se analise descritiva e bivariada seguida por regressão logística múltipla com nível de significância de 5%. Calcularam-se a fração atribuível (FA) e a fração atribuível proporcional (FAP) e determinou-se a magnitude das desigualdades por meio do índice absoluto de desigualdade e pelo índice relativo de desigualdade. Resultados: A prevalência de SM foi de 40,1%, e 23,3% dos idosos apresentavam pelo menos um componente da síndrome. A chance de SM foi maior entre os idosos fisicamente inativos. Idosos menos escolarizados apresentaram prevalências de SM significativamente maiores em termos absolutos e relativos. As FA e FAP entre os inativos e na população foram significativos. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou que a prática de atividade física e a escolaridade são fatores significativamente associados à SM, reforçando a importância desses fatores para o controle dessa síndrome.

ABSTRACT: Objective: Evaluate the association between Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), physical activity and socioeconomic conditions among non-institutionalized elderly individuals. Methodology: Cross-sectional study with, elderly individuals (≥ 60) living in the city of São Paulo. MetS was evaluated by means of the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria, the Adult Treatment Panel III. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed, followed by multiple logistic regression with a 5% significance level. An attributable fraction (AF) and a proportional attributable fraction (PAF) were calculated in relation to physical activity. The magnitude of the socioeconomic inequalities was evaluated using the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and the Relative Index of Inequality (RII). Results: The prevalence of MetS was 40.1%, and 23.3% of the individuals had at least one MetS' component. Physically inactive elderly had higher chances of having MetS. The prevalence of MetS was higher among those with lower education levels in both absolute and relative terms. AF and PAF were significant among the inactive individuals and for the total population. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that physical activity and schooling are significantly associated with MetS, highlighting the importance of these factors for the control of this syndrome.

Caracterización de los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con hipertensión arterial / Characterization of the type 2 diabetic patients with arterial hypertension

Introducción: por su elevada frecuencia y por su condición de factor de riesgo de diferentes complicaciones que constituyen la principal causa de muerte en varios países, la diabetes mellitus unido a la hipertensión arterial (HTA) ha desatado un grave problema emergente de salud pública, conocido como síndrome cardiometabólico que daña a amplios sectores poblacionales. Objetivo: caracterizar a los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con hipertensión arterial en las salas de Medicina Interna del "Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente Amalia Simoni", de Camagüey. En el periodo enero 2016 hasta enero 2017. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva, de 96 pacientes diabéticos, ingresados en salas de Medicina, entre enero 2016 hasta enero del 2017, con vistas a caracterizarles según algunas variables clínicas, epidemiológicas y humorales. Resultados: se observó un predominio de la edad mayor de 60 años y del sexo femenino, con mayor número de negros y mestizos. Resultó interesante la prevalencia de fumadores en los no hipertensos. El mayor diámetro de la cintura abdominal lo presentaron los diabéticos-hipertensos con sobrepeso y elevado índice de masa corporal. En estos pacientes aparecieron las principales complicaciones en los primeros años del diagnóstico. Conclusiones: se identificó un grupo de factores de riesgo en hipertensos con diabetes tipo 2, útiles para una mejor evaluación de estos pacientes en la atención primaria de salud. Entre ellos se destaca la ubicación del tejido graso y el tabaquismo como los factores más importantes en la población diabética e hipertensa (AU).

Introduction: due to its high frequency and its condition as risk factor of different complications that are the main cause of death in several countries, diabetes mellitus together with arterial hypertension have triggered a serious emergent health public problem, known as cardiometabolic syndrome affecting wide population sectors. Objetive: characterize type 2 diabetic patients with arterial hypertension in the Internal Medicine rooms of the "Amalia Simoni Clinical Surgical Teaching Hospital", of Camagüey. In the period January 2016 to January 2017. Materials and methods: a descriptive research was carried out in 96 diabetic patients who entered the Medicine wards in the period January 2016-January 2017 to characterize them according to several clinical, epidemiological and humoral variables. Results: it was found the predominance of female, black or mestizo patients, aged more than 60 years. It was interesting the predominance of smokers among people that are not hypertensive. The biggest diameter of abdominal waist was found in hypertensive diabetics with overweight and increased body mass index. These patients are those who present main complications in the first years after the diagnosis. Conclusions: a group of risk factors was identified in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes that are useful to evaluate these patients in the primary health care. The location of fat tissues and smoking are the most important risk factors among diabetic and hypertensive population (AU).

Síndrome metabólico en pacientes hospitalizados en Servicio de Geriatría / Metabolic syndrome in patients hospitalized in Geriatric Services

RESUMEN Introducción: la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico, a nivel mundial, es muy elevada y continúa en aumento vertiginosamente en los últimos años. Por lo que se puede considerar una pandemia de la época contemporánea, se estima que el 25 % de la población adulta la padece. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico e identificar otras formas clínicas de enfermedad vascular ateroesclerótica, en gerontes hospitalizados en Servicios de Geriatría del Hospital Provincial Clínico Quirúrgico Docente "Celia Sánchez Manduley", Manzanillo, Granma; en el período comprendido entre junio 2015 a junio 2016. Materiales y métodos: se realizó estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal. Se incluyeron los 120 senescentes que ingresaron en los Servicios de Geriatría. Resultados: se estableció el diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico en 105 individuos de 120 sujetos estudiados. El grupo de 70-79 años de edad y el sexo masculino fueron los más afectados por la endocrinopatía. Las otras formas clínicas de enfermedad vascular ateroesclerótica que se identificaron en los senescentes estudiados, fueron: cardiopatía isquémica, enfermedad cerebrovascular y cardiopatía hipertensiva. Conclusiones: existe una alta prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en los adultos mayores estudiados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is very high around the world and is still vertiginously increasing in the last years. Therefore, it can be considered a pandemic of the current times. It is thought that 25 % of the adult population suffers it. Objective: to determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and to identify other clinical forms of the atherosclerotic vascular disease in elder people who entered the Service of Geriatrics of the Provincial Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital "Celia Sanchez Manduley", of Manzanillo, Granma, in the period from June 2015 to June 2016. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study was carried out with the inclusion of the 120 elder people who the Service of Geriatrics. Results: 105 individuals of 129 studied were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. The 79-79 age group and male sex were the most affected by endocrinopathy. Other clinical forms of the arteriosclerotic vascular disease identified in the studied elder people were ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and hypertensive heart disease. Conclusions: there is a high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among the studied elder people.

Metabolic syndrome and psychiatric disorders: a population-based study

Objective: To identify the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and psychiatric disorders in young adults in southern Brazil. Methods: This population based cross-sectional study involved a total of 1,023 young adults between the ages of 21 and 32 years. Current episodes of psychiatric disorders were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview - Plus version. MetS was evaluated using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III). Results: Of the 1,023 participants, 24.3% were identified with MetS, 13.5% were diagnosed with anxiety disorders, 7.5% with current depression, 3.9% with bipolar disorders and 10.1% were at risk of suicide. MetS was associated with ethnicity (p = 0.022), excess weight (p < 0.001), current anxiety disorders (p < 0.001), current mood disorders (bipolar disorder in mood episode and current depression) (p < 0.001), and suicide risk (p < 0.001). Conclusions: MetS was associated with psychiatric disorders. Awareness of factors associated with MetS can help identify high-risk individuals and stimulate disease prevention and control programs, as well as lifestyle changes.

Risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in Cali, Colombia (2013): Acase-control study / Factores de riesgo asociados con el síndrome metabólico en Cali, Colombia (2013): estudio de casos y controles

Abstract Introduction: In 2016, the World Health Organization reported that more than 2 billion adults were overweight, of whom 600 million were obese, 347 million had diabetes mellitus type II, and people with hypertension had increased from 600 million in 1980 to 1 billion in 2010. Additionally, 20% of the world's adult population will develop metabolic syndrome during their lifespan with tremendous effects for their wellbeing and the health systems. Objective: To identify social, biological, and behavioral factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in adults to help in the design of health policies in urban environments. Materials and methods: We included 300 cases and 675 controls. For cases, the waist circumference (abdominal obesity) in men was ≥94 cm and ≥88 cm in women, and other two factors should be present including hypertension, high glycated hemoglobin, high triglycerides, and low HDL levels. Controls presented only one or none of these risk factors. Results: The total prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 30.2%, 33.6% in females, and 25.6% in males. Therefore, females had a higher risk of developing a metabolic syndrome (OR=1.70; 95% CI 1.17-2.47). Being a mestizo also increased the risk of having metabolic syndrome (OR=1.55; 95% CI 1.10-2.19). In contrast, frequent fruit consumption and being a housekeeper were protective factors: OR=0.83; 95% CI 0.69-1.00, and OR=0.58; 95% CI 0.36-0.92, respectively. Logistic regression showed that obesity had the strongest association with metabolic syndrome (OR=7.52; 95% CI 4.79-11.80). Increasing age yielded a linear trend with regard to metabolic syndrome: the OR for the 40 to 49-year-old group was 4.24 (95% CI 2.20-8.16), for the 50 to 59-year-old group, 4.63 (95% CI 2.40-8.93), and for those over 80 years of age, 5.32 (95% CI 1.92-14.71). Conclusion: Obesity was the main risk factor associated with the metabolic syndrome. Our findings can help health policy makers to design interventions for metabolic syndrome control in urban populations in Colombia.

Resumen Introducción. En el 2016, la Organización Mundial de la Salud reportó la existencia de casi 2000 millones de adultos con sobrepeso, de los cuales más de 600 millones presentaban obesidad, 347 millones tenían diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, y las personas con hipertensión habían aumentado de 600 millones en 1980 a mil millones en el 2010. Además, 20 % de los adultos desarrollaría el síndrome metabólico con los consecuentes efectos negativos en sus vidas y en los servicios de salud. Objetivo. Determinar los factores de riesgo en la esfera social, biológica y de comportamiento asociados con el síndrome metabólico. Materiales y métodos. Se seleccionaron 300 casos y 675 controles. Los casos se definieron como los hombres con una circunferencia de cintura (obesidad abdominal) de ≥94 cm y las mujeres con ≥88 cm y que presentaran, además, otros dos factores entre los siguientes: hipertensión arterial sistémica, hemoglobina 'glicosilada' alta, triglicéridos altos y bajos niveles de colesterol de baja densidad. Los controles eran personas que no presentaban ninguno de los factores de riesgo o solo uno de ellos. Resultados. La prevalencia del síndrome metabólico fue de 30,2 %: 33,6 % en mujeres y 25,6 % en hombres. Las mujeres presentaron un mayor riesgo, con una odds ratio (OR) de 1,70 (IC95% 1,17-2,47), seguidas por los mestizos con una OR de 1,55 (1,10-2,19).El consumo regular de frutas y el ser ama de casa fueron factores protectores, con una OR de 0,83 (IC95% 0,69-1,00) y de 0,58 (IC95% 0,36-0,92), respectivamente. La obesidad fue el factor de riesgo con la mayor asociación (OR=7,52; IC95% 4,79-11,80). El síndrome metabólico aumentó con la edad, así, las personas entre 40 y 49 años presentaron una OR de 4,24 (IC95% 2,20-8,16), la de 50 a 59 años, una de 4,63 (IC95% 2,40-8,93) y los mayores de 80 años, una de 5,32 (IC95% 1,92-14,71). Conclusiones. Estos hallazgos pueden facilitar la implementación de medidas de intervención para el control del síndrome metabólico.

Prevalence and factors associated to chronic kidney disease in older adults / Prevalência e fatores associados à doença renal crônica em idosos

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To verify the prevalence of chronic kidney disease and the factors associated to it in older adults (≥ 60 years). METHODS This is a population-based research conducted in 2014, involving 1,016 older adults living in urban and rural areas of the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre. Chronic kidney disease was defined by glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 , estimated by the equations of the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, and the presence of albuminuria > 29 mg/g. Association measure were estimated by gross and adjusted odds ratio (OR), with a confidence level of 95% (95%CI). RESULTS The overall prevalence of chronic kidney disease was 21.4% in older adults, with the associated factors age, diabetes (OR = 3.39; 95%CI 2.13-5.40), metabolic syndrome (OR = 2.49; 95%CI 1.71-3.63), self-assessment of poor health (OR = 1.79; 95%CI 1.10-2.91), arterial hypertension (OR = 1.82; 95%CI 1.04-3.19) and obesity (OR = 1.69; 95%CI 1.02-2.80). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of chronic kidney disease was high in older adults, being associated with age, self-assessment of health as bad or very bad, obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Verificar a prevalência de doença renal crônica e os fatores a ela associados em idosos (≥ 60 anos). MÉTODOS Trata-se de um inquérito de base populacional realizado em 2014, envolvendo 1.016 idosos residentes nas zonas urbana e rural do município de Rio Branco, Acre. A doença renal crônica foi definida pela taxa de filtração glomerular < 60 ml/min/1,73 m 2 , estimada pelas equações da Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration , e presença de albuminúria > 29 mg/g. Medidas de associação foram estimadas por regressão logística (OR) bruta e ajustada, com grau de confiança de 95% (IC95%). RESULTADOS A prevalência geral de doença renal crônica foi de 21,4% nos idosos, com os fatores associados idade, diabetes (OR = 3,39; IC95% 2,13-5,40), síndrome metabólica (OR = 2,49; IC95% 1,71-3,63), autoavaliação de saúde ruim (OR = 1,79; IC95% 1,10-2,91), hipertensão arterial (OR = 1,82; IC95% 1,04-3,19) e obesidade (OR = 1,69; IC95% 1,02-2,80). CONCLUSÕES A prevalência de doença renal crônica foi alta entre os idosos, estando associada com idade, autoavaliação de saúde como ruim ou muito ruim, obesidade, diabetes e síndrome metabólica.

Asociación de un índice de estilos de vida saludable con factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población chilena / Association of a healthy lifestyle index with cardiovascular risk factors in Chileans adults

Background: Healthy lifestyles are associated with a better metabolic and cardiovascular health profile. Aim: To investigate the association between a lifestyle score and cardiovascular risk in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: A healthy lifestyle score was derived for 2,774 participants in the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010 and based on seven modifiable behaviors (salt intake, fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, smoking, physical activity and sedentary behaviors). A high score represented a healthier lifestyle whereas a low score represents an unhealthy lifestyle. The association between the lifestyle score and cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome), was explored using logistic regression models. Results: One quartile increment in the healthy lifestyle score was associated with a lower risk for obesity (Odds ratio (OR): 0.82 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.75 to 0.90], p < 0.01), central obesity (OR: 0.88 [95% CI: 0.81 to 0.96], p < 0.01), diabetes (OR: 0.84 [95% CI: 0.75 to 0.95], p < 0.04) and dyslipidemia (OR: 0.90 [95% CI: 0.83 to 0.98], p = 0.01). These results were independent of major confounding factors. Conclusions: The adherence to a healthy lifestyle is associated with lower cardiovascular risk.

Prevalence of physical inactivity and its effects on blood pressure and metabolic parameters in a Brazilian Urban Population / Prevalência de inatividade física e seus efeitos na pressão arterial e parâmetros metabólicos em uma população urbana brasileira

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in the world and physical inactivity represents an important risk factor. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of physical inactivity in the adult population and its effects on blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid profile. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study with stratified simple random sampling was conducted in 1,717 adults divided by age groups: 18-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 and ≥ 70 years. The participants answered the physical activity questionnaire and were classified as physically active or inactive. The bootstrap statistical method was used to assess physical activity, associated with lipid profile and blood glucose levels. The level of significance was 5%. Results:The prevalence of physical inactivity in the general population was 65.8%. There was a significant difference in the group older than 70 years. There was a significant decrease in physical activity in the group with lower educational level, with a significant difference between social classes AB and C. The prevalence of hypertension was 27.5% among physically inactive and 21.4% among active individuals (p = 0.04). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 26.1% in inactive and 16.7% in the active individuals (p = 0.007). Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides levels were more elevated in the physically inactive group, which was not observed with high-density lipoprotein levels. Blood glucose was also higher in the inactive group. Conclusion: This study shows a high prevalence of physical inactivity and a positive correlation between risk factors for cardiovascular disease, mainly blood pressure, glucose and lipids profiles

Utilidad del índice cintura/cadera en la detección del riesgo cardiometabólico en individuos sobrepesos y obesos / Usefulness of the waist/hip index in the detection of cardiometabolic risk in overweight and obese individuals

Introducción: el índice cintura/cadera se presenta como un elemento más de la valoración clínica de la obesidad y sus consecuencias. Objetivo: describir la utilidad del empleo del índice cintura/cadera en la detección del riesgo cardiometabólico. Métodos: se utilizó Google Académico como motor de búsqueda y se obtuvo un total de 97 artículos, de los cuales 61 fueron referenciados por cumplir con el objetivo enunciado. Resultados: la obesidad se comporta como una enfermedad multifactorial, de evolución crónica, con importantes consecuencias para la salud. El incremento del tejido adiposo abdominal, propicia una mayor síntesis y liberación de adipoquinas y otras sustancias, que pueden deteriorar el metabolismo lipídico y glucídico a través del aumento de la resistencia a la insulina, e incrementan el riesgo cardiovascular. El índice cintura/cadera evalúa de forma indirecta la grasa abdominal. Es un indicador poco costoso, sencillo de aplicar y fácil de interpretar en los 3 niveles de atención de salud de nuestro país. Se debe determinar su punto de corte para cada zona geográfica, ya que este puede variar de acuerdo con la entidad nosológica que estemos investigando y la muestra de pacientes estudiados, pues varía con el sexo y las características étnicas. Su empleo ayuda a predecir el riesgo cardiometabólico y de mortalidad en las personas estudiadas. Conclusiones: el índice cintura/cadera es útil en la predicción del riesgo cardiometabólico. Su correcto empleo mejoraría la calidad de los servicios en los 3 niveles de atención de salud en nuestro país(AU)

Introduction: waist/hip index is presented as another element of the clinical assessment of obesity and its consequences. Objective: to describe the usefulness of waist / hip index in the detection of cardiometabolic risk. Methods: Google Scholar was used as a search engine and a total of 97 articles were obtained, of which 61 were referenced for fulfilling the stated objective. Results: obesity behaves like a multifactorial disease of chronic evolution, with important consequences for health. The increase in abdominal adipose tissue promotes greater synthesis and release of adipokines and other substances, which can impair lipid and carbohydrate metabolism through increased insulin resistance, and increase cardiovascular risk. Waist/hip index evaluates abdominal fat indirectly. It is an inexpensive indicator, easy to apply and easy to interpret in the 3 levels of health care in our country. Its cut-off point must be determined for each geographical area, since this may vary according to the nosological entity we are investigating and the sample of patients studied, as it varies with sex and ethnic characteristics. Its use helps to predict cardiometabolic risk and mortality in the people studied. Conclusions: Waist/hip index is useful in the prediction of cardiometabolic risk. Its correct use would improve the quality of services in the 3 levels of health care in our country(AU)

Metabolic Syndrome-Related Features in Controlled and Resistant Hypertensive Subjects / Características Relacionadas à Síndrome Metabólica em Indivíduos com Hipertensão Controlada e Hipertensão Resistente

Abstract Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is widespread among hypertensive patients. Clinical features and potential biomarkers of MetS in the presence of hypertension and resistant hypertension (RHTN) represent a great area of interest for investigation. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of MetS and the clinical features associated with it in resistant and mild to moderate hypertensives. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 236 patients, (i) 129 mild to moderate hypertensive patients and (ii) 107 patients with RHTN. We measured blood pressure (BP) and adipokines levels, and performed bioelectrical impedance analysis. Microalbuminuria (MA), cardiac hypertrophy and arterial stiffness were also assessed. The significance level of alpha = 0.05 was adopted. Results: We found a MetS prevalence of 73% in resistant and 60% in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients. In a multiple regression analysis, MA (odds ratio = 8.51; p = 0.01), leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) (odds ratio = 4.13; p = 0.01) and RHTN (odds ratio = 3.75; p = 0.03) were independently associated with the presence of MetS apart from potential confounders. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that both resistant and controlled hypertensive subjects have a high prevalence of MetS. In addition, MetS-related metabolic derangements may cause early renal and hormonal changes. Finally, LAR may be useful as a reliable biomarker for identifying those hypertensive subjects who are at risk for developing MetS.

Resumo Fundamentos: A síndrome metabólica (SM) é comum em pacientes hipertensos. As características clínicas e os potenciais biomarcadores da SM na presença de hipertensão e hipertensão resistente (HR) representam uma ampla área de interesse a ser investigada. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de SM e as características clínicas associadas à síndrome em indivíduos com hipertensão resistente e leve a moderada. Métodos: Este estudo transversal incluiu 236 pacientes, (i) 129 pacientes com hipertensão leve a moderada e (ii) 107 pacientes com HR. Medimos a pressão arterial (PA), parâmetros bioquímicos e os níveis de adipocinas dos pacientes, além de microalbuminúria (MA), hipertrofia cardíaca e rigidez arterial. Foi adotado o nível de significância de alfa 0,05. Resultados: A SM esteve presente em 73% dos pacientes com HR e 60% daqueles com hipertensão leve a moderada. Na análise de regressão múltipla, a MA (odds ratio = 8,51; p = 0,01), a razão leptina/adiponectina (RLA) (odds ratio = 4,13; p = 0,01) e a HR (odds ratio = 3,75; p = 0,03) foram independentemente associadas com a presença de SM, excluindo-se potenciais fatores de confusão. Conclusões: Nossos resultados sugerem que tanto hipertensos resistentes como hipertensos controlados apresentam alta prevalência de SM. Além disso, distúrbios metabólicos relacionados à SM podem causar alterações precoces renais e hormonais, e a RLA parece ser útil como biomarcador confiável para identificar indivíduos hipertensos em risco de desenvolverem SM.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among Brazilian Adult Population: National Health Survey - 2013 / Prevalência e Fatores Associados com a Síndrome Metabólica na População Adulta Brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde - 2013

Abstract Background: In Brazil, population-based researches analyzing prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), a recognized predictor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and an important cause of disability and death in the country are scarce. Objective: To evaluate prevalence of MS and its associated factors in Brazilian population. Methods: Secondary analysis of the 2013 National Health Survey, a cross-sectional survey with national representativeness of Brazilian adult population (n = 59,402). MS was the outcome variable, defined from harmonization of cardiology international consensus as load ≥ 3 of the following components: self-reported diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure and high waist circumference. Analysis were stratified by sex and prevalence ratios, with their respective 99% confidence intervals (PR [CI 99%]) calculated by simple and multiple Poisson regression models. Results: MS prevalence was 8.9%, being significantly higher among women compared to men; in general, this pattern was maintained in relation to exposure variables studied. Additionally, less than 25% of population did not present any MS component. In final multiple models, sociodemographic, behavioral and comorbidity variables were associated with MS, however, while low schooling (1.46 [1.23-1.74], cerebrovascular accident (1.36 [1], 00] (1.28 [1.03-1.62]) were associated among women, chronic renal failure (1.85 [2.23-2.76]) was associated exclusively among men. Conclusion: We identified MS high prevalence in Brazilian population; on the other hand, factors associated with this condition were different depending on sex.

Resumo Fundamento: No Brasil, são escassas as investigações de base populacional analisando a prevalência e os fatores associados à síndrome metabólica (SM), reconhecida preditora de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), importante causa de invalidez e morte no país. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência da SM e seus fatores associados na população brasileira. Métodos: Análise secundária da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013, inquérito transversal com representatividade nacional da população adulta brasileira (n = 59.402). A variável de desfecho foi a SM, definida a partir da harmonização dos consensos internacionais de cardiologia como carga ≥ 3 dos seguintes componentes: diabetes e hipercolesterolemia autorreferidas, pressão arterial elevada e circunferência da cintura elevada. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo e as razões de prevalência, com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 99% (RP[IC99%]), foram calculadas por meio de modelos regressão simples e múltiplos de Poisson. Resultados: A prevalência de SM foi 8,9%, sendo significativamente maior entre as mulheres em comparação aos homens; de modo geral, tal padrão manteve-se em relação as variáveis de exposição estudadas. Adicionalmente, menos de 25% da população não apresentou qualquer componente de SM. Nos modelos múltiplos finais, variáveis sociodemográficas, comportamentais e de comorbidades se associaram à SM, porém, enquanto a baixa escolaridade (1,46[1,23-1,74]), acidente vascular cerebral (1,36[1,00-1,86]) e outras DCV (1,29[1,03-1,62]) se associaram entre as mulheres, a insuficiência renal crônica (1,85[2,23-2,76]) se associou exclusivamente entre os homens. Conclusão: Identificamos elevada prevalência de SM na população brasileira, sendo que os fatores associados a essa condição são distintos em função do sexo.

No cumplir con las recomendaciones de actividad física se asocia a mayores niveles de obesidad, diabetes, hipertensión y síndrome metabólico en población chilena / Association of physical inactivity with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in the chilean population

Background: Physical inactivity is an important cardiovascular risk factor. Aim: To investigate the association of physical inactivity with obesity, metabolic markers, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Participants from the National Health Survey 2009-10 (n = 5,157) were included in this study. Body mass index, waist circumference, metabolic markers (blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile) were the outcomes. Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome were determined using international criteria. Physical activity levels were determined using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and physical inactivity was defined as < 600 METs/minutes/week. Results: Compared to their physically active peers, inactive men and women had a higher odds ratio (OR) for obesity (OR: 1.77 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.29-2.42], p < 0.01 and 1.25 [95% CI: 102-1.54], p < 0.035, respectively), diabetes (OR: 2.47 [1.80-3.38], p < 0.01 and 1.72 [1.35-2.19], p = 0.002, respectively) and hypertension (OR: 1.66 [1.31-2.09], p < 0.01 and 1.83 [1.54-2.18] respectively. An association of physical inactivity with central obesity and metabolic syndrome was observed only in men (OR: 1.92 [1.42- 2.58], p < 0.01 and 1.74 [1.23-2.47], p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: Not meeting the physical activity recommendations is associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome, which are important cardiovascular risk factors.